Although scientists have been aware that magnetism and electricity are two sides of the same proverbial coin for almost 150 years, researchers are still trying to find new ways to use a material’s electric behavior to influence its magnetic behavior, or vice versa.
Thanks to new research by an international team of researchers led by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Argonne National Laboratory, physicists have developed new methods for controlling magnetic order in a particular class of materials known as "magnetoelectrics."
Magnetoelectrics get their name from the fact that their magnetic and electric properties are coupled to each other. Because this physical link potentially allows control of their magnetic behavior with an electrical signal or vice versa, scientists have taken a special interest in magnetoelectric materials.
"Electricity and magnetism are intrinsically coupled – they’re the same entity," says Philip Ryan, a physicist at Argonne’s Advanced Photon Source. "Our research is designed to accentuate the coupling between the electric and magnetic parameters by subtly altering the structure of the material."
The Argonne-led team focused on the compound EuTiO3 (europium-titanium oxide), which has a simple atomic structure that suited it especially well to the experiment. The titanium atom sits in the middle of a cage constructed of the europium and oxygen atoms. By first compressing the cage through growing a thin film of EuTiO3 on a similar crystal with a smaller lattice and then applying a voltage, the titanium shifts slightly, electrically polarizing the system, and more importantly, changing the magnetic order of the material.
"The europium and the titanium combine to control the two properties," Ryan says. "The position of the titanium influences the electric behavior, while the europium generates the magnetic nature. There’s a shared responsibility for the system’s coupling behavior."
This new approach to cross-coupling magnetoelectricity could prove a key step toward the development of next-generation memory storage, improved magnetic field sensors, and many other applications long dreamed about. Unfortunately, scientists still have a ways to go to translating these findings into commercial devices.
Potential magnetic and electric memories each have a distinct appeal to researchers. Electric memories – like the kind used into today’s electronics – allow computers to write data fast and very efficiently.Magnetic memories are less energy efficient, but are extraordinarily robust.
"The more we learn about magnetoelectrics, the more we open up this space that gives us the best of both worlds," Ryan says.
Because the electric and magnetic parameters in these particular materials are so strongly linked, engineers might also be able to use them in the future to create non-binary memories.
"Instead of having just a ‘0’ or a ‘1,’ you could have a broader range of different values," Ryan says."A lot of people are looking into what that kind of logic would look like."
— Jared Sagoff
See: P.J. Ryan1*, J.-W. Kim1, T. Birol2, P. Thompson3,4, J.-H. Lee1, X. Ke5, P.S. Normile6, E. Karapetrova1, P. Schiffer7, S.D. Brown3,4, C.J. Fennie2, and D.G. Schlom2, "Reversible control of magnetic interactions by electric field in a single-phase material," Nat. Commun. 4, 1334 (2013). DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2329
Author affiliations: 1Argonne National Laboratory 2Cornell University, 3University of Liverpool, 4European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 5Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 6Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 7Pennsylvania State University
Correspondence: *[email protected]
Work at Argonne and use of beamline 6-ID-B at the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne was supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357.
The Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory is one of five national synchrotron radiation light sources supported by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Science to carry out applied and basic research to understand, predict, and ultimately control matter and energy at the electronic, atomic, and molecular levels, provide the foundations for new energy technologies, and support DOE missions in energy, environment, and national security. To learn more about the Office of Science x-ray user facilities, visit http://science.energy.gov/user-facilities/basic-energy-sciences/.
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